A network-related or instance-specific error occurred while establishing a connection to SQL Server. The server was not found or was not accessible. Verify that the instance name is correct and that SQL Server is configured to allow remote connections. (provider: Named Pipes Provider, error: 40 - Could not open a connection to SQL Server) Soni Razdan, Swara Slam Anupam Kher Over His Sly Dig at Artistes Urging People to Vote Out BJP, Entertainment & Fun : Today Indya

Latest News

How Britain tried to 'erase' India's third gender
Friday, May 31, 2019 IST
How Britain tried to

In August 1852, a eunuch called Bhoorah was found brutally murdered in northern India's Mainpuri district.

 
 

She lived in what was then the North-West Provinces with two disciples and a male lover, performing and accepting gifts at "auspicious occasions" like births of children and at weddings and in public. She had left her lover for another man before she was killed. British judges were convinced that her former lover had killed her in a fit of rage.
 
During the trial they described eunuchs as cross-dressers, beggars and unnatural prostitutes.
 
'Moral panic'
One judge said the community was an "opprobrium upon colonial rule". Another claimed that their existence was a "reproach" to the British government.
 
The reaction was strange considering that a eunuch was the victim of the crime. The killing, according to historian Jessica Hinchy, curiously triggered British "moral panic about eunuchs" or hijras as they are called in South Asia.
 
"She was a victim of the crime but her death was interpreted as evidence of criminality and immorality of the eunuchs," Dr Hinchy told me.
 
Eunuchs describe themselves are being castrated or born that way
British officials began considering eunuchs "ungovernable". Commentators said they evoked images of "filth, disease, contagion and contamination". They were portrayed as people who were "addicted to sex with men". Colonial officials said they were not only a danger to "public morals", but also a "threat to colonial political authority".
 
For nearly a decade, Dr Hinchy, now assistant professor of history at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University, trawled the colonial archives on eunuchs that provided unusually detailed insights into the impact of colonial laws on marginalised Indians. The result is Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India, arguably the first in-depth history of eunuchs in colonial India.
 
Eunuchs often dress up like women and describe themselves as being castrated or born that way. A disciple-based community, it has important roles in many cultures - from sexless people guarding harems to singing and dancing entertainers.
 
In cultures in South Asia, they are thought to have the power to bless or curse fertility. They live with adopted children and male partners. Today, many consider eunuchs transgender, although the term also includes intersex people. In 2014, India's Supreme Court officially recognised a third gender - and eunuchs (or hijras) are seen as falling into this category.
 
Eunuchs have important roles in many cultures
Bhoorah was among the 2,500 recorded eunuchs who lived in the North-West Provinces - now India's most populous state Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring Uttarakhand.
 
Years after her murder, the provinces launched a campaign to reduce the number of eunuchs with the objective of gradually causing their "extinction". They were considered a "criminal tribe" under a controversial 1871 law which targeted caste groups considered to be hereditary criminals.
 
The law armed the police with power of increased surveillance of the community. Police compiled registers of eunuchs with their personal details, often defining "an eunuch as a criminal and sexually deviant person". "Registration was a means of surveillance and also a way to ensure that castration was stamped out and the hijra population was not reproduced," says Dr Hinchy.
 
Eunuchs were not allowed to wear female clothing and jewellery or perform in public and were threatened with fines or thrown into prison if they did not comply. Police would even cut off their long hair and strip them if they wore female clothing and ornaments. They "experienced police intimidation and coercion, though the patterns of police violence are unclear", says Dr Hinchy.
 
The community reacted by petitioning for the right to dance and play in public, and perform at fairs. The petitions, says Dr Hinchy, point to the economic devastation caused by the ban on dances and performances. In the mid-1870s, the eunuchs of Ghazipur district complained that they were starving.
 
Eunuchs have a visible presence in India
One of the most shocking moves of the authorities was to take away children who were living with eunuchs to "rescue them from a life of infamy". If eunuchs were living with a male child, they risked fines and jail.
 
Many of these children were actually disciples. Others appeared to have been orphans, adopted or enslaved as children. There were also children of musicians who performed with eunuchs and appeared to have lived alongside them with their families. Some eunuchs even lived with widows who had children. British officials saw the children as "agents of contagion and a source of moral danger".
 
"Colonial anxieties about the threat that hijras posed to Indian boys overstated the actual number of children residing with the community," says Dr Hinchy. According to records, there were between 90 and 100 male children found living with registered eunuchs between 1860 and 1880. Very few of them had been emasculated and most of them were living with their biological parents.
 
"The short-term aim of the law included cultural elimination of the eunuchs through erasure of their public presence. The explicit, long-term ambition was limiting, and thus finally extinguishing, the number of eunuchs," says Dr Hinchy. "To many high-ranking colonial officials, the small eunuch community endangered the imperial enterprise and colonial authority."
 
India recognised transgender people as a third gender in 2014
The British also began policing other groups which didn't fit the binary gender categories - effeminate men who wore female clothing, performed in public and lived in kin-based households, men who performed female roles in theatre and male devotees who dressed as women. "The law," says Dr Hinchy, "was used to police a diverse range of gender non-confirming people."
 
In many ways, the attitudes of the British and the English-speaking Indian elites to eunuchs echo aspects of Hindu faith that colonial rulers found abhorrent.
 
Indologist Wendy Doniger has written about the British rejection of the sensual strains of Hinduism as filthy paganism. However, religion was not a factor in the colonial rejection of eunuchs - it was more about "contamination", "filth", their sexual practices and public presence.

 
 

Yet, despite this dark history, eunuchs survived these attempts to eliminate them by evading the police, continuing to have a visible public presence and devising survival strategies. Dr Hinchy writes that they became skilful at law breaking, evading the police and keeping on the move. They also kept their cultural practices alive within their communities and in private places, which was not illegal. They also became adept at hiding property, so that police could not register it.
 
Their success is clear by the fact that despite being often defined as deviant and disorderly, Dr Hinchy says eunuchs "remain a visible presence in public space, public culture, activism and politics in South Asia".
 
In India, they continue to make a living by dancing at weddings and other ceremonies despite facing discrimination and living on the margins. Theirs is a stirring story of resilience and survival.

 
 
 
 
 

Related Topics

 
 
 

Trending News & Articles

 Article
Saba Qamar Video Going Braless in White Shirt Leaked After Private Photos Cause Uproar on Social Media!

Troubles mount for Pakistani actress Saba Qamar as a sensational new video from her controversial photo shoot has made its way on the Twitter. A few days ago, Saba ...

Recently posted . 10K views . 6 min read
 

 Article
Hansika Motwani's private pictures get leaked online!

Actress Hansika Motwani is the latest to fall prey to the evil side of the internet as her private swimsuit pictures got leaked online without her consent. The Sout...

Recently posted . 7K views . 2 min read
 

 Article
31 Bollywood Movie Names For Dumb Charades To Win The Game

It’s a lazy spring afternoon. You are at home and relaxing lousily on your couch but overall you are getting bored and searching means to entertain yourself. ...

Recently posted . 6K views . 4 min read
 

 Article
Renowned Ghazal Singer Bhupinder Singh Dies At 82

In his five-very long term vocation, Bhupinder Singh had worked with the greatest names of the music business, from Mohammed Rafi to Lata Mangeshkar.

Recently posted . 5K views . 1 min read
 

 
 

More in History & Classics

 Article
Veteran actor Viju Khote, the Kalia of Sholay, dies

Veteran Bollywood actor Viju Khote, who became popular for his role in Sholay, died on Monday. The actor, who played Kalia in the cult film Sholay, suffered a massi...

Recently posted. 882 views . 1 min read
 

 Article
This is what international media is saying about the Aamir Khan film: Dangal

Watched Aamir Khan’s “best film ever” yet? assume each reviewer really worth his salt on this a part of the sector were given so swayed by way of ...

Recently posted. 854 views . 18 min read
 

 Article
Katrina Kaif Taunted In Vancouver. Told 'You Need A Better Attitude'. Was That Really Necessary?

"You shouldn't do that guys. You know what I'm very tired. I've had a very long show," Katrina tells the onlookers

Recently posted. 838 views . 0 min read
 

 Article
Deepak Tijori has crossed all limits: Wife Shivani Tomar finally breaks her silence

Deepak Tijori, within who created a reputation for himself in screenland through films like Khiladi and Jo Jeeta Wahi Sikandar, has been fighting with Shiv...

Recently posted. 952 views . 9 min read
 

 Article
Aravindha Sametha box office collection: Jr NTR's film mints Rs 100 crore worldwide in just 3 days

Jr NTR's film Aravindha Sametha has broken all records at the box office as the Telugu movie has minted more than Rs 100 crore in just 3 days worldwide. Direc...

Recently posted. 886 views . 1 min read
 

 
 
 

   Prashnavali

  Thought of the Day

A book is like a garden carried in your pocket
Anonymous

Be the first one to comment on this story

Close
Post Comment
Shibu Chandran
2 hours ago

Serving political interests in another person's illness is the lowest form of human value. A 70+ y old lady has cancer.

November 28, 2016 05:00 IST
Shibu Chandran
2 hours ago

Serving political interests in another person's illness is the lowest form of human value. A 70+ y old lady has cancer.

November 28, 2016 05:00 IST
Shibu Chandran
2 hours ago

Serving political interests in another person's illness is the lowest form of human value. A 70+ y old lady has cancer.

November 28, 2016 05:00 IST
Shibu Chandran
2 hours ago

Serving political interests in another person's illness is the lowest form of human value. A 70+ y old lady has cancer.

November 28, 2016 05:00 IST


ads
Back To Top